Research Articles – Page 25

Clinical Trial

Efficacy and safety of Programmed Death Ligand 1 inhibitors versus Programmed Death 1 inhibitors in the first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

PD-1 Inhibitors Plus Chemotherapy Outperform PD-L1 Combinations in Survival for Advanced NSCLC — In a meta-analysis of 28 randomized controlled trials, PD-1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy were associated with meaningfully better overall survival and progression-free survival than PD-L1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy — approximately 26% higher risk of death (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13–1.41) and 21% higher risk of progression (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.06–1.38) for the PD-L1 combination — challenging the assumption that these two checkpoint inhibitor classes are clinically interchangeable in first-line treatment.

Jul 7, 2026 · PeerJ · Oncology

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Clinical Trial

Development and Validation of a Computational Histology Artificial Intelligence-Powered Biomarker in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer on Randomized Phase III Trials.

AI Histology Biomarker Stratifies Survival and Treatment Benefit in Metastatic Prostate Cancer — In an independent validation cohort of men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, an AI-derived image-only biomarker identified an unfavorable-risk group with roughly 2.6 times the mortality risk of the favorable-risk group (HR 2.6, 95% CI 2.0–3.4), translating to a 5-year overall survival of 39% versus 69%.

Jul 8, 2026 · JCO Precis Oncol · Oncology

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Clinical Trial

Ensartinib in Resected ALK-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Ensartinib Cuts Recurrence Risk by 80% in Resected ALK-Positive NSCLC — In a phase 3 randomised trial, adjuvant ensartinib reduced the risk of disease recurrence or death by approximately 80% compared with placebo in patients with completely resected ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (HR 0.20, 95% CI 0.11–0.38), with 86.4% of stage II–IIIB patients remaining alive and disease-free at 24 months versus 53.5% on placebo.

Jul 9, 2026 · N Engl J Med · Oncology

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Research Article

Dapagliflozin does not impair microvascular hemorheology in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A multicenter randomized controlled trial (D-PATH study).

Dapagliflozin Shows No Meaningful Impairment of Microvascular Blood Flow in Type 2 Diabetes — In a multicenter randomized controlled trial, dapagliflozin did not impair microvascular hemorheology compared with conventional therapy, with a between-group difference in whole blood passage time of just 2.0 seconds (95% CI, -0.2 to 3.9), comfortably within the prespecified noninferiority margin of 6.0 seconds.

May 22, 2026 · J Diabetes Investig · Metabolism

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Review

The Efficacy and Safety of Teplizumab in the Treatment of Stage 3 Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Teplizumab Preserves β-Cell Function Short-Term in Stage 3 Type 1 Diabetes, Long-Term Benefit Uncertain — A meta-analysis of five placebo-controlled randomized trials found that teplizumab produced a statistically significant, clinically meaningful improvement in β-cell function preservation at 9–15 months after diagnosis of stage 3 type 1 diabetes (SMD=0.28, 95% CI 0.09–0.48, P=0.016), alongside modest reductions in insulin requirements and HbA1c.

May 23, 2026 · Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes · Metabolism

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Research Article

Cardiovascular event rate modifies response to pharmacologic LDL-C lowering in primary prevention: implications of a systematic review and meta-analysis for clinical practice.

Lower Baseline Risk Amplifies Relative Benefit of LDL-C Lowering in Primary Prevention — A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 placebo-controlled trials involving 105,879 primary prevention participants found that the relative risk reduction (RRR) per 1 mmol/L LDL-C lowering is substantially greater at lower baseline cardiovascular event rates — falling from approximately 36% at a 1%/year event rate to just 13% at a 3%/year event rate.

May 25, 2026 · Am J Prev Cardiol · Neurology

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Research Article

Game-based Cognitive Training for School-age Children Living With or Exposed to HIV: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Uganda and Malawi.

Mobile Game-Based Training Shows Modest, Context-Dependent Cognitive Gains in HIV-Affected Children — A 12-week mobile cognitive training intervention produced statistically significant improvements in learning and mental processing among children in Uganda, including a meaningful gain in the KABC-II Learning composite score of 3.34 points (95% CI, 1.03–5.65), though effects in Malawi were mixed and included some lower scores in the intervention arm.

Jul 8, 2026 · J Dev Behav Pediatr · Pediatrics

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Research Article

Efficacy and safety of inhaled ambroxol hydrochloride solution in Chinese pediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections: a real-world, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study.

Nebulized Ambroxol Added to Standard Care Achieves High Symptom Response Rates in Pediatric Respiratory Infections — In 2,599 hospitalized Chinese children with acute lower respiratory tract infections, a 7-day course of nebulized ambroxol hydrochloride solution added to standard care was associated with a cough improvement rate of 96.73% (95% CI: 96.05–97.41) and an overall clinical response rate of 94.73% (95% CI: 93.87–95.59).

May 27, 2026 · Transl Pediatr · Pediatrics

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Randomized Controlled Trial

Effect of a subanesthetic dose of propofol on emergence agitation in adults undergoing rhinoplasty: A prospective randomized controlled trial.

Subanesthetic Propofol Before Extubation Significantly Reduces Emergence Agitation in Adult Rhinoplasty — A single intravenous dose of propofol (0.5 mg/kg) given ten minutes before extubation reduced emergence agitation incidence from 92.5% to 60.0% in adult rhinoplasty patients, representing about a 35% lower relative risk (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50–0.85).

Jul 10, 2026 · Medicine (Baltimore) · Pediatrics

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Randomized Controlled Trial

Testing behavioral economics principles in mailed FIT outreach: a randomized trial.

Behavioral Economics Enhancements to Mailed FIT Outreach Show No Significant Screening Benefit — Adding behavioral economics principles to mailed fecal immunochemical test (FIT) communications did not significantly increase colorectal cancer screening completion compared to standard outreach, with a completion rate of 28.1% in the enhanced group versus 25.5% in the standard group — an adjusted risk difference of just 2.2% that failed to reach statistical significance (95% CI −0.4% to 4.9%, p = 0.094).

Jul 2, 2026 · Cancer Causes Control · Oncology

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